PBDB Collection

Conard Fissure (Pleistocene of the United States)

Where: Newton County, Arkansas (36.0° N, 93.2° W: paleocoordinates 36.0° N, 93.0° W)

• coordinate based on political unit

When: Irvingtonian (1.8 - 0.3 Ma)

Environment/lithology: terrestrial

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Primary reference: J. W. Gidley and C. L. Gazin. 1938. The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. United States National Museum Bulletin 171:1-99 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]more details

PaleoDB collection 20290: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 18.02.1993, edited by Terri Cleary, Grace Varnham and Jonathan Marcot

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• "Microtus ochrogaster" is presumably not present

Show authors, comments, and common names

Reptilia
Squamata - Colubridae	Thamnophis sirtalis², Carphophis sp.², Coluber flagellum², Coluber sp.², Coluber cf. constrictor³, Coluber constrictor², Lampropeltis doliata², Lampropeltis getulus², Lampropeltis ? calligaster², Elaphe sp.², Elaphe vulpina², Elaphe guttata², Pituophis sp.³, Pituophis melanoleucus², Heterodon sp.² Thamnophis sirtalis² Linnaeus garter snake Carphophis sp.² Gervais 1840 worm snake Coluber flagellum² racer Coluber sp.² Linnaeus 1758 racer Coluber cf. constrictor³ Linnaeus 1758 black racer Coluber constrictor² Linnaeus 1758 black racer Lampropeltis doliata² colubrid snake Lampropeltis getulus² Linnaeus 1766 kingsnake Lampropeltis ? calligaster² Harlan 1827 prairie kingsnake Elaphe sp.² Wagler 1833 colubrid snake Elaphe vulpina² Baird and Girard 1853 fox snake Elaphe guttata² Linnaeus 1766 corn snake Pituophis sp.³ Holbrook 1842 gopher snake vertebrae Pituophis melanoleucus² Daudin 1803 pine snake Heterodon sp.² Latreille 1801 hog-nosed snake
Squamata - Crotalidae	Crotalus sp.³, ? Crotalus sp.² Crotalus sp.³ Linnaeus 1758 rattlesnake AMNH 6404, left articular ? Crotalus sp.² Linnaeus 1758 rattlesnake
Mammalia
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	Sylvilagus ? floridanus, Lepus alleni¹, Lepus ? americanus Sylvilagus ? floridanus Allen 1890 eastern cottontail Lepus alleni¹ Mearns 1890 antelope jackrabbit Lepus ? americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Neotoma ozarkensis, Microtus paroperarius, Pitymys cumberlandensis¹, "Pedomys llanensis" = Microtus llanensis¹, Ondatra annectens, Reithrodontomys sp., Peromyscus sp. Neotoma ozarkensis Brown 1908 pack rat i.d. accepted by Zakrzewski 1993 Microtus paroperarius Hibbard 1944 vole Pitymys cumberlandensis¹ van der Meulen 1978 vole "Pedomys llanensis" = Microtus llanensis¹ Hibbard 1944 vole Ondatra annectens Brown 1908 muskrat Reithrodontomys sp. Giglioli 1874 harvest mouse not clear what "R. simplicidens" is Peromyscus sp. Gloger 1841 deer mouse
Rodentia - Castoridae	Castor canadensis Castor canadensis Kuhl 1820 American beaver
Rodentia - Geomyidae	Geomys bursarius⁴ Geomys bursarius⁴ Shaw 1800 plains pocket gopher
Rodentia - Sciuridae	Tamiasciurus hudsonicus¹, Spermophilus ? tridecemlineatus¹, Marmota monax Tamiasciurus hudsonicus¹ Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel Spermophilus ? tridecemlineatus¹ Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel Marmota monax Linnaeus 1758 groundhog
Rodentia - Erethizontidae	Erethizon dorsatum Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae	Mylohyus fossilis¹ Mylohyus fossilis¹ Leidy 1860 peccary
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bootherium bombifrons¹ Bootherium bombifrons¹ Harlan 1825 antelope
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	Odocoileus virginianus⁴, Cervus sp.¹ Odocoileus virginianus⁴ Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer presumably includes "O. hemionus(?)" Cervus sp.¹ Linnaeus 1758 deer
Perissodactyla - Equidae	"Equus ? scotti" = Equus mexicanus "Equus ? scotti" = Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955 horse
Carnivora - Felidae	Smilodon fatalis¹, Miracinonyx studeri¹, Panthera onca⁴, Lynx rufus⁴ Smilodon fatalis¹ Leidy 1868 saber-toothed cat Miracinonyx studeri¹ Savage 1960 American cheetah Panthera onca⁴ Linnaeus 1758 jaguar suggested by Simpson 1941b, and called into question by Seymour 1993 Lynx rufus⁴ Schreber 1777 bobcat presumably includes "L. compressus"; also mentioned by Werdelin 1985
Carnivora - Canidae	Vulpes sp.¹, Canis armbrusteri⁶, Canis latrans⁵, Urocyon cinereoargenteus⁴ Vulpes sp.¹ Frisch 1775 fox Canis armbrusteri⁶ Gidley 1913 canine Canis latrans⁵ Say 1823 coyote Urocyon cinereoargenteus⁴ Schreber 1775 gray fox
Carnivora - Procyonidae	Procyon lotor Procyon lotor Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
Carnivora - Mustelidae	Mustela erminea⁴, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison, "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata⁴, "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana⁴ Mustela erminea⁴ Linnaeus 1758 stoat "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison Schreber 1777 mink "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata⁴ Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana⁴ Cope 1889 mustelid carnivore presumably includes "M. pennanti" (also suspected by Hall 1936)
Carnivora - Mephitidae	Spilogale ? putorius¹, Brachyprotoma obtusata¹, Mephitis mephitis¹ Spilogale ? putorius¹ Linnaeus 1758 eastern spotted skunk Brachyprotoma obtusata¹ Cope 1899 short-faced skunk Mephitis mephitis¹ Schreber 1776 striped skunk
Carnivora - Ursidae	Ursus americanus¹ Ursus americanus¹ Pallas 1780 black bear
Theriamorpha - Soricidae	Blarina brevicauda, Sorex minutus¹, Sorex cinereus¹, Sorex fumeus, Sorex monticolus¹ Blarina brevicauda Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew includes type of "B. ozarkensis": see Jones et al. 1984 Sorex minutus¹ Eurasian pygmy shrew Sorex cinereus¹ Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew Sorex fumeus Miller 1895 smoky shrew Sorex monticolus¹ Merriam 1890 montane shrew
Theriamorpha - Talpidae	Scalopus aquaticus Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole
Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus fuscus¹, "Myotis leibi" = Myotis leibii⁴ Eptesicus fuscus¹ Beauvois 1796 big brown bat "Myotis leibi" = Myotis leibii⁴ Audubon and Bachman 1842 vesper bat a bat; presumably = "M. subulatus(?)"

¹Alroy 2002; ²Dowling 1958; ³Gilmore 1938; ⁴Kurten and Anderson 1980; ⁵Nowak 1979; ⁶Tedford et al. 2009